2024-03-29T10:10:42Z
https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/oai
oai:ojs2.www.socratesjournal.com:article/14
2020-05-06T10:42:57Z
SOCRATES:English
v2
https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/14
2020-05-06T10:42:57Z
SOCRATESJOURNAL.COM
Vol. 2 No. 3 (2014): Issue - September; 1-5
Inverted Gaze and Altered Erotic Spectacle
Refereed Article
Soumya, Mukherjee; Centre for Study of Indian Diaspora University of Hyderabad India
2014-10-10
Revised Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published after 05-02-2017
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the copyright of their published article. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
▸ Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.▸ NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.▸ No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Research Papers published in SOCRATES after 05-02-2017 are licensed under an Attribution -Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Date of revision: Creative common license: 05-02-2017
Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published before 05-02-2017
Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the right except commercial and re-publishing rights. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to copy, distribute, display and perform the work as long as you give the original author(s) credit, they can not use the works for commercial purposes and are not allowed to alter, transform, or build upon the work. For any reuse or distribution, readers and users must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holders. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Research Papers published in SOCRATES are licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
url:https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/14
Sexuality in cinematic spaces
Laura Mulvey’s theory of visual pleasure
Cinema
Gaz
Gender
Male body
Objectification
Pleasure
Representation
Popular culture
Laura Mulvey’s theory of visual pleasure
en_US
In primitive law of social organization, a woman is defined as a symbol of exchange between men and as an object of possession which is extended to the representation of women in paintings and later in photography and cinema. In cinematic representations, according to feminist film theory, it is the male protagonist who actively dominates the screen and the gazes while the female character, though essential for the narrative, is portrayed as a passive bearer of the gaze. The female body, as a spectacle, offers voyeuristic pleasure to the male spectator. But with the turn of the century, an inversion of the power equation in the dominant discourse of representation has taken place. With the advent of postmodernity and the concept of sex for sale, eroticized male body has appeared in the ambit of representation which is also a product of consumerist capitalism where every aspect of life is segmented to form separate consumer entities. This paper tends to look at popular Hindi films that are released in the recent past where the male body is offered as an eroticized spectacle. Interestingly, this kind of representation of the male body has also given rise to the concept of the metro-sexual man and a desire for mesomorphic body enhanced with all cosmetic products, promoting consumerism. The paper bases its analysis on Laura Mulvey’s theory of visual pleasure and I attempt to apply it on the re-imagination of sexuality in cinematic spaces. The paper also examines the consumer spaces where the homo-sexual communities occupy substantial space as target audience which has enough potential to determine the direction and success of any popular cultural medium.
oai:ojs2.www.socratesjournal.com:article/20
2020-05-06T10:42:43Z
SOCRATES:English
v2
https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/20
2020-05-06T10:42:43Z
SOCRATESJOURNAL.COM
Vol. 2 No. 2 (2014): Issue - June; 1-8
Who I Am – Feminism Revisited
Refereed Article
Puja, Chakraberty; Research scholar in Humanities (English Literature) at The Kolhan University, Jharkhand, India
2014-06-30
Revised Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published after 05-02-2017
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the copyright of their published article. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
▸ Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.▸ NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.▸ No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Research Papers published in SOCRATES after 05-02-2017 are licensed under an Attribution -Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Date of revision: Creative common license: 05-02-2017
Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published before 05-02-2017
Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the right except commercial and re-publishing rights. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to copy, distribute, display and perform the work as long as you give the original author(s) credit, they can not use the works for commercial purposes and are not allowed to alter, transform, or build upon the work. For any reuse or distribution, readers and users must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holders. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Research Papers published in SOCRATES are licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
url:https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/20
feminism
invincible
significance
rebirth
new woman
development
tribute
daredevil
Feminism
Renaissance
Renaissance
en_US
Feminism is for women, what the Elizabethan age was for England, “…rousing herself, like a strong man after sleep, and shaking her invincible locks.” (Milton) Although the struggle, significance and sophistication associated with the term is not of one age but of ages. Over the years women fought for what may be called the “renaissance” or rebirth of the new woman; who could be socially, politically, legally and economically independent. But all this was slow to come. The general outcry took the form of a powerful and magnanimous movement, which literally altered the face of patriarchal society. The present paper endeavours to investigate the origin and development of this movement; and also to pay a tribute to the inextinguishable and daredevil spirit of innumerable women who tirelessly contributed in making the “new woman” a reality. While doing research, one has to be duly conscious of all the facets and tenets governing the issue. To enumerate and illuminate upon a few aspects and leave alone the rest would be doing great injustice to the subject matter altogether, for each detail is imminent and inextricably linked to the foundation and formation of the aforesaid issue, in the absence of which the related discussion loses its strength and vitality. The current paper resolves to discreetly approach this problem. The chief purpose of this work is to voice the voiceless, to empower the muted and to lend vision to those who are shortsighted to the estimate of a woman and her worth.
oai:ojs2.www.socratesjournal.com:article/84
2020-05-06T10:43:08Z
SOCRATES:English
v2
https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/84
2020-05-06T10:43:08Z
SOCRATESJOURNAL.COM
Vol. 2 No. 4 (2014): Issue - December; 1-12
Hiding in Plain Sight
Refereed Article
Bryan, Mead; Ph.D. Student/Graduate Teaching Assistant Department of English Illinois University, United States of America
2015-01-14
Revised Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published after 05-02-2017
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the copyright of their published article. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
▸ Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.▸ NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.▸ No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Research Papers published in SOCRATES after 05-02-2017 are licensed under an Attribution -Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Date of revision: Creative common license: 05-02-2017
Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published before 05-02-2017
Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the right except commercial and re-publishing rights. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to copy, distribute, display and perform the work as long as you give the original author(s) credit, they can not use the works for commercial purposes and are not allowed to alter, transform, or build upon the work. For any reuse or distribution, readers and users must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holders. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Research Papers published in SOCRATES are licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
url:https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/84
Akira Kurosawa
Hidden Fortress
film studies
Japanese film
cinema studies
auteur
giri
ninjo
cinematography
Akira Kursawa’s The Hidden Fortress
en_US
While often cast aside as merely a commercial film without much substance, The Hidden Fortress (Kurosawa, 1958) actually works within late-1950s Japanese society as a subtle critique on national and individual identity. The film functions as a morality tale, questioning the motivating factors behind character actions. The Hidden Fortress clearly distinguishes between morally pure and morally corrupt characters, yet the judgment is based on similar actions. Each character in the film pretends to be something that they are not. Yet, within the use of false identity lies a deeper purpose behind the action. Makabe (Toshiro Mifune) and Yuki (Misa Uehara) are continually contrasted with Tahei (Minoru Chiaki) and Matashichi (Kamatari Fujiwara) because the motivation behind each character’s façade is different. The former characters fight for nationhood and self-sacrifice while the latter characters are only interested in self-preservation and monetary gain. The importance of identity continually appears within the narrative structure of the film, but The Hidden Fortress also visually represents this theme through costuming and camera technique. Director Akira Kurosawa continually uses off-screen space (even though the film is shot in wide-screen) as a “hiding place,” that allows identity and spatial location to be masked until it becomes surprising and alarming.
oai:ojs2.www.socratesjournal.com:article/110
2020-03-17T01:55:33Z
SOCRATES:English
v2
https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/110
2020-03-17T01:55:33Z
SOCRATESJOURNAL.COM
Vol. 3 No. 1 (2015): Issue - March; 46-56
An Immortal Halcyon Life
Refereed Article
Farough Fakhimi, Anbaran; An Immortal Halcyon Life: Formalistic Approach to Byzantium Poems
2015-03-24
Revised Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published after 05-02-2017
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the copyright of their published article. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
▸ Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.▸ NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.▸ No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Research Papers published in SOCRATES after 05-02-2017 are licensed under an Attribution -Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Date of revision: Creative common license: 05-02-2017
Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published before 05-02-2017
Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the right except commercial and re-publishing rights. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to copy, distribute, display and perform the work as long as you give the original author(s) credit, they can not use the works for commercial purposes and are not allowed to alter, transform, or build upon the work. For any reuse or distribution, readers and users must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holders. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Research Papers published in SOCRATES are licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
url:https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/110
William Butler Yeats
Byzantium Poems
Formalistic Approach
Byzantium Poems
en_US
The spiritual quest towards peace may not happen in all people’s life but some. Those experiencing such a journey may not have talked about it directly although they mostly reflect it in their works of art in case there are scholars. William Butler Yeats, the Irish poet and intellectual, experienced such peace and reflected it in his works of art. The so called Byzantium poems-“Sailing to Byzantium,” and “Byzantium”- reveal his departure from a mortal world to an everlasting peace. He uses figurative language to describe his reasons for this travel by presenting some facts about the place his is currently living and the ideal place he has been looking for. In this article, the formalistic approach has been applied to scrutinize his two poems to show how he tends to illustrate his quest from a mortal world to an everlasting peace.
oai:ojs2.www.socratesjournal.com:article/111
2020-03-17T02:02:16Z
SOCRATES:English
v2
https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/111
2020-03-17T02:02:16Z
SOCRATESJOURNAL.COM
Vol. 3 No. 2 (2015): Issue - June; 1-8
King Oedipus
Refereed Article
Farough Fakhimi, Anbaran; Shiraz University, Iran
2015-06-24
Revised Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published after 05-02-2017
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the copyright of their published article. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
▸ Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.▸ NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.▸ No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Research Papers published in SOCRATES after 05-02-2017 are licensed under an Attribution -Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Date of revision: Creative common license: 05-02-2017
Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published before 05-02-2017
Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the right except commercial and re-publishing rights. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to copy, distribute, display and perform the work as long as you give the original author(s) credit, they can not use the works for commercial purposes and are not allowed to alter, transform, or build upon the work. For any reuse or distribution, readers and users must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holders. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Research Papers published in SOCRATES are licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
url:https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/111
Sophocles
King Oedipus
Archetypal Hero
Archetypal Criticism
King Oedipus
An Archetypal Hero
en_US
Classic works of art are the ones read and analyzed by different scholars in academic discussion since they have always inspired the modern writers to produce their masterpieces. The story of King Oedipus is one of those stories which has been used, whether directly or indirectly, by famous writers to deepen the meanings of their writings. Though he is a failed man at the end, Oedipus can be considered a hero archetypically. By applying an archetypal analysis of the play King Oedipus, written by Sophocles, the present study tends to illustrate how, in spite of all those failures, he can be a hero.
oai:ojs2.www.socratesjournal.com:article/115
2020-03-17T02:08:20Z
SOCRATES:English
v2
https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/115
2020-03-17T02:08:20Z
SOCRATESJOURNAL.COM
Vol. 3 No. 3 (2015): Issue - September; 1-10
A Feministic Reading of Thomas Middleton's Women Beware Women
Refereed Article
Farough Fakhimi, Anbaran; Shiraz University, Islamic Republic of Iran
2015-10-09
Revised Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published after 05-02-2017
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the copyright of their published article. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
▸ Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.▸ NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.▸ No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Research Papers published in SOCRATES after 05-02-2017 are licensed under an Attribution -Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Date of revision: Creative common license: 05-02-2017
Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published before 05-02-2017
Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the right except commercial and re-publishing rights. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to copy, distribute, display and perform the work as long as you give the original author(s) credit, they can not use the works for commercial purposes and are not allowed to alter, transform, or build upon the work. For any reuse or distribution, readers and users must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holders. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Research Papers published in SOCRATES are licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
url:https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/115
Thomas Middleton
Women Beware Women
Feminism
Thomas Middleton's Women Beware Women
Feminism
en_US
No one would ever disagree about the superiority of men over women in the society overtime as some movements, such as feminist, have been formed to riot against it. This superiority is even noticeable in the bulk of the written works produced by men and women during history. Not a real weapon to shoot or kill women, the pen has mostly played the role of a weapon to create the aura of supremacy of male over female in the written works. Drama, as a genre of literature, has been used a lot to transfer this ideological viewpoint to people since most plays have been acted on the stage and seen by a lot of people. How the writers used ideas in their pieces of writing to help this supremacy has always been the key issue of analysis. In this article, the feministic approach has been applied on the play “Women Beware Women,” written by Thomas Middleton, to show how the ideas are used by writers to help the dominance of male over female.
oai:ojs2.www.socratesjournal.com:article/118
2020-03-17T01:54:23Z
SOCRATES:English
v2
https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/118
2020-03-17T01:54:23Z
SOCRATESJOURNAL.COM
Vol. 3 No. 1 (2015): Issue - March; 35-45
Connection in Richard Ford’s A Multitude of Sins
Refereed Article
Frédéric, Dumas; English Department Stendhal University — Grenoble, France
2015-03-24
Revised Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published after 05-02-2017
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the copyright of their published article. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
▸ Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.▸ NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.▸ No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Research Papers published in SOCRATES after 05-02-2017 are licensed under an Attribution -Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Date of revision: Creative common license: 05-02-2017
Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published before 05-02-2017
Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the right except commercial and re-publishing rights. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to copy, distribute, display and perform the work as long as you give the original author(s) credit, they can not use the works for commercial purposes and are not allowed to alter, transform, or build upon the work. For any reuse or distribution, readers and users must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holders. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Research Papers published in SOCRATES are licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
url:https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/118
Richard Ford
American literature
short story
postmodernism
connection fragmentation
disembodiment
Richard Ford’s A Multitude of Sins
en_US
A Multitude of Sins is a collection of short stories. Richard Ford insists he had always planned for them to be included in the same volume; their individuality, however, raises the question of the cohesion and of the coherence of A Multitude of Sins, which depends on how satisfactorily the separate pieces connect. The textual aspect of connection reflects a diegetic universe characterized by fragmentation: the stories involve a very limited number of characters who can hardly communicate and quite often find themselves greatly alienated. Disconnection threatens psychological as well as textual integrity; disruptive as it is, this trend actually makes up a key element in the dynamics at play in A Multitude of Sins. Its fragmented world is one narrative construct that strives to build meaning through a maze of perceptions whose randomness may disorient the characters and the readers alike. This article appraises the fragmented quality of that construct before attempting to define the connecting impulse that provides at once fictional material and literary relevance.
oai:ojs2.www.socratesjournal.com:article/123
2020-03-17T01:52:59Z
SOCRATES:English
v2
https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/123
2020-03-17T01:52:59Z
SOCRATESJOURNAL.COM
Vol. 3 No. 1 (2015): Issue - March; 1-34
Narrative as Soft Violence in Margaret Drabble’s The Pure Gold Baby
Refereed Article
Bushra, Jani; Research Student School of English The University of Sheffield United Kingdom
2015-03-24
Revised Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published after 05-02-2017
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the copyright of their published article. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
▸ Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.▸ NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.▸ No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Research Papers published in SOCRATES after 05-02-2017 are licensed under an Attribution -Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Date of revision: Creative common license: 05-02-2017
Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published before 05-02-2017
Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the right except commercial and re-publishing rights. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to copy, distribute, display and perform the work as long as you give the original author(s) credit, they can not use the works for commercial purposes and are not allowed to alter, transform, or build upon the work. For any reuse or distribution, readers and users must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holders. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Research Papers published in SOCRATES are licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
url:https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/123
Margaret Drabble
The Pure Gold Baby
Pierre Bourdieu
soft Violence
anthropology
disability
education
domination
IQ racism
colonialism
neo-Colonialism
missionaries
Margaret Drabble’s The Pure Gold Baby
Soft Violence
en_US
This article deals with Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of “symbolic” or “soft” violencein Margaret Drabble’s latest novel, The Pure Gold Baby (2013). The novel is about a young anthropologist student, who becomes pregnant whilst in a relationship with her married professor. Her promising academic career and dreams of being a field anthropologist and of returning to Africa are put to one side and she becomes a desk-bound anthropologist in north London while caring for her daughter, the “pure gold baby” of the title, who suffers from serious developmental problems. The article reflects the importance of the ambiguity of narration in the novel in which soft violence is practiced by the author, the narrator, the protagonist, the educational and religious institutions, as well as through the class structure. It shows a complex and interrelated thematic and theoretical strands, discussing the novelist as anthropologist, narration as controlling authorial act, the shift from victimhood to perpetration of violence in the exploration of gender, education and sexuality.It explores the soft violence of racism and colonial exploitation and domination.
oai:ojs2.www.socratesjournal.com:article/150
2020-03-17T02:02:55Z
SOCRATES:English
v2
https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/150
2020-03-17T02:02:55Z
SOCRATESJOURNAL.COM
Vol. 3 No. 2 (2015): Issue - June; 9-29
Post/Human Beings & Techno-Salvation
Refereed Article
Ashik, Mahmud; Department of English Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2015-06-24
Revised Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published after 05-02-2017
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the copyright of their published article. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
▸ Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.▸ NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.▸ No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Research Papers published in SOCRATES after 05-02-2017 are licensed under an Attribution -Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Date of revision: Creative common license: 05-02-2017
Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published before 05-02-2017
Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the right except commercial and re-publishing rights. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to copy, distribute, display and perform the work as long as you give the original author(s) credit, they can not use the works for commercial purposes and are not allowed to alter, transform, or build upon the work. For any reuse or distribution, readers and users must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holders. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Research Papers published in SOCRATES are licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
url:https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/150
Science Fiction
Artificial Intelligence
Simulation
Simulacra
Fantasy
Transcendence
Neuromancer
Salvation
Robot
Cyberspace
Cyborg
Post humanism
Singularity
Ray Kurzweil
Technosalvation
Spirituality
William Gibson
Spielberg
Dystopia
en_US
AI or Artificial Intelligence, beyond technical and scientific application, is one of the most common grounds of technological ideas explored in science fiction films as well as cyberpunk novels. Contemporary science fiction films and novels offer technological adventures where the boundary of human fantasies, adventures and romances interfuse with technological future which tends to blur the age-old conflict between science and religious belief. Blending with visions of science and technology, many of these science fiction films and novels portrait fantasies or quests (for salvation, immortality, overcoming physical illness, innovation, power etc.) as posthuman crises of a post human dystopia while this posthuman condition also offers determinations for transcending any earthly limitations of human existence. This paper intends to explore artificial intelligence within the area of popular science fiction novels and films, which incorporates the fantasy of techno-salvation in the near future of singularity through overcoming the carbon limitations of human, fusing essence of spirituality with technology as well as extending spiritual beliefs into technological faith. Investigating fictional depiction of “Artificial Intelligence” as a transhuman or posthuman idea in science fictions, the paper tries to trace out the potential patterns of technological salvation for humankind while it does also find humanizing or dehumanizing elements in these science fictions about the problematic and politicized power relations of binaries like human/machine or human/non-human. This paper is conducted through qualitative research, especially operating within textual analysis of William Gibson’s cyberpunk novel Neuromancer and visual methodology incorporating some contemporary sci-fi films like Steven Spielberg’s A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001), Alex Proyas’ I,Robot (2004), Wachowski Brothers’ The Matrix (1999), José Padilh’s Robocop (2014) and Wally Pfister’s Transcendence (2014). Therefore, the paper contends that artificial intelligence, as a posthuman entity in popular science fiction and films, integrates the fantasy of techno-salvation where technology is fused with spirituality extending spiritual beliefs into technological faith. Thus, it tries to destabilize traditional concepts of spiritual beliefs; and at the same time, re-appreciates and re-appropriates the spiritual ideas of omnipotence, heaven, immortality etc. through better comprehending of science and technology.
oai:ojs2.www.socratesjournal.com:article/151
2020-03-17T02:08:56Z
SOCRATES:English
v2
https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/151
2020-03-17T02:08:56Z
SOCRATESJOURNAL.COM
Vol. 3 No. 3 (2015): Issue - September; 11-19
Teaching of English at the undergraduate level in Kerala
Refereed Article
Abida, Farooqui; Assistant Professor, Department of English Govt. Arts and Science College, Kondotty (Affiliated to Univ. of Calicut) Kerala, India
2015-10-09
Revised Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published after 05-02-2017
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the copyright of their published article. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
▸ Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.▸ NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.▸ No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Research Papers published in SOCRATES after 05-02-2017 are licensed under an Attribution -Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Date of revision: Creative common license: 05-02-2017
Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published before 05-02-2017
Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the right except commercial and re-publishing rights. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to copy, distribute, display and perform the work as long as you give the original author(s) credit, they can not use the works for commercial purposes and are not allowed to alter, transform, or build upon the work. For any reuse or distribution, readers and users must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holders. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Research Papers published in SOCRATES are licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
url:https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/151
Language through literature
bilingual position
mother tongue influence
Intercultural dialogue
social equity
grammar and language
en_US
It goes without saying that English language is a hard nut to crack even at the undergraduate level. In spite of having spent ten to twelve years to learn the language and explore its nuances, the state of English learning in Kerala point to a very dismal state of affairs. It is disappointing that after spending immense time, energy and effort on the language, students end up enrolling in spoken English centres to hone their linguistic skills. Students, and sometimes teachers fumble when it comes to expressing themselves, either in speech or writing. In fact, the words 'teaching' and 'learning' any language are inappropriate because language cannot be taught or learnt, but acquired. This acquisition of language is a gradual, incremental process, which is easy and interesting once the ball is set in motion. Focus must be on setting a strong foundation on which students can grow and develop. This paper tries to explore the blocks and hurdles faced by the academia in imbibing and imparting the language. It explores the function of language in relation to expressing oneself and in relation to human lives and culture. It also touches upon the strategies to be adopted in teaching the language in a multilingual setting. It also tries to relate the learning of language to literature, which has always been a subject of debate.
oai:ojs2.www.socratesjournal.com:article/155
2020-03-17T02:03:41Z
SOCRATES:English
v2
https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/155
2020-03-17T02:03:41Z
SOCRATESJOURNAL.COM
Vol. 3 No. 2 (2015): Issue - June; 30-47
Comparative Poetics Today
Refereed Article
Fomeshi Behnam, Mirzababazadeh; Ph. D. Candidate of English Literature Department of Foreign Languages and Linguistics College of Literature and Humanities Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
Parvin, Ghasemi; Professor Emeritus of English Literature Shiraz University, Iran
Alireza, Anushiravani; Associate Professor of Comparative Literature College of Literature & Humanities Shiraz University Shiraz Iran
2015-06-24
Revised Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published after 05-02-2017
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the copyright of their published article. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
▸ Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.▸ NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.▸ No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Research Papers published in SOCRATES after 05-02-2017 are licensed under an Attribution -Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Date of revision: Creative common license: 05-02-2017
Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published before 05-02-2017
Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the right except commercial and re-publishing rights. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to copy, distribute, display and perform the work as long as you give the original author(s) credit, they can not use the works for commercial purposes and are not allowed to alter, transform, or build upon the work. For any reuse or distribution, readers and users must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holders. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Research Papers published in SOCRATES are licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
url:https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/155
Comparative Poetics
Earl Miner
Comparative Literature
Literary Theory
Non-Western Cultures
theMiddle East
Persian Literature
en_US
Two trends played a significant role in the development of Comparative poetics: a movement toward literary theory and a movement toward non-Western cultures in comparative literature studies. In the second half of the twentieth century Western scholars of comparative literature, including Étiemble, Weisstein, Prawer, Liu and Miner, paid attention to literary theory in comparative literary studies. Inspired by the multiculturalism of the 1990s, comparatists made efforts to broaden the canon and include non-Western literatures. Comparatists have followed Miner’s anti-West-centrism and they have also failed to expand the geographical frontiers of his Comparative Poetics. While Far Eastern and Indian critical traditions have played a significant role in the field of comparative poetics, the Middle Eastern tradition and Persian literature have been neglected.The joint efforts of the scholars of Middle Eastern literatures to write in English and/or to translate their works into English will provide that critical tradition with a voice in the not yet global dialogue of comparative poetics. The emergent plurivocal conversation of a comparative poetics that includes Middle East will open new horizons to our cross-cultural perspective.
oai:ojs2.www.socratesjournal.com:article/164
2020-03-17T02:09:46Z
SOCRATES:English
v2
https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/164
2020-03-17T02:09:46Z
SOCRATESJOURNAL.COM
Vol. 3 No. 3 (2015): Issue - September; 20-32
When Things Fall Apart: Looking through Said's and Spivak's Postcolonial Perspectives
Refereed Article
Başak, Yıldız; Doctoral Scholar English language and literature Istanbul Aydin University Turkey
2015-10-09
Revised Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published after 05-02-2017
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the copyright of their published article. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
▸ Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.▸ NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.▸ No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Research Papers published in SOCRATES after 05-02-2017 are licensed under an Attribution -Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Date of revision: Creative common license: 05-02-2017
Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published before 05-02-2017
Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the right except commercial and re-publishing rights. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to copy, distribute, display and perform the work as long as you give the original author(s) credit, they can not use the works for commercial purposes and are not allowed to alter, transform, or build upon the work. For any reuse or distribution, readers and users must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holders. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Research Papers published in SOCRATES are licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
url:https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/164
postcolonial criticism
Ethnic studies
minority literature
cultural variety
en_US
Broadly defined, postcolonial criticism is the examination of the effects of colonialism on societies. Its purpose is to analyze the ways through which “powerful” cultures dominated the third World nations. On the other hand, these nations have certain reactions to the attempts mentioned. As an area of study which embodies cultural awareness, postcolonial theory attempts to make the related parties realize the construction of an inferiority felt by the colonized and lead a struggle for gaining cultural, social and political voice, which necessitates an understanding of the existing cultural hybridity. Edward Said and Gayatri Chakraworty Spivak are two of the critics whose ideas on post colonialism should be referred to in this respect. This paper aims to shed light on the colonial features in Chinua Achebe’s novel, Things Fall Apart, presenting a postcolonial approach to the novel by drawing on the two critics’ ideas. Said holds an opposition to marginalization of literary theory, asserting that such a practice expands the differentiation between literature and the world and it becomes harder for critics to examine the literature of the ”other”. Meanwhile, Spivak defends that not only U.S. and European literatures but also literatures of the Southern cultures should be taken into consideration for analysis. She pinpoints the linguistic distinctions of minority cultures and states that contemporary criticism misses the variances in them. Achebe’s prominence as a writer due to the postcolonial themes he introduced and his literary devices serving for his nation’s recognition result in the fact that his novel comes forth as a significant example of the common point Said and Spivak argue for; cultural varieties are to be kept and protected.
oai:ojs2.www.socratesjournal.com:article/180
2020-03-17T02:15:27Z
SOCRATES:English
v2
https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/180
2020-03-17T02:15:27Z
SOCRATESJOURNAL.COM
Vol. 3 No. 4 (2015): Issue - December; 13-41
Postmodern Sense of Doom in the Hyperreal World of Sam Shepard's States of Shockand Kicking a Dead Horse
Refereed Article
Parvin, Ghasemi; Professor, English Literature, Faculty of Foreign Languages Shiraz University, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran
Razieh, Falasiri; M.A. English Literature Shiraz University, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran
2016-01-10
Revised Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published after 05-02-2017
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the copyright of their published article. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
▸ Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.▸ NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.▸ No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Research Papers published in SOCRATES after 05-02-2017 are licensed under an Attribution -Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Date of revision: Creative common license: 05-02-2017
Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published before 05-02-2017
Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the right except commercial and re-publishing rights. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to copy, distribute, display and perform the work as long as you give the original author(s) credit, they can not use the works for commercial purposes and are not allowed to alter, transform, or build upon the work. For any reuse or distribution, readers and users must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holders. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Research Papers published in SOCRATES are licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
url:https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/180
Sam Shepard
Myth
Reality
Hyperreality
Postmodern Society
Media
en_US
Sam Shepard is one of the most prolific, influential, and celebrated playwrights that the United States has produced in contemporary era. In his plays, America is complete with traditional and mythical symbols. He uses these emblems in order to subvert their meanings and manifest the discrepancies between characters’ living in the West and the realities they confront. In his later plays, including States of Shock, and Kicking a Dead Horse, Sam Shepard reflects on the traditional meanings of myth and their erasure in the postmodern societies. Furthermore, the postmodern universe in these three plays is bombarded with representation and distortions of reality and hyperreality. The characters enter in simulations of reality after accepting the fact that the true reality doesn’t exist. As a matter of fact, myths are not real; they are simulations of the past myths. Media with its glamorous and captivating power is one of the most influential medium in constructing the hyper real.
oai:ojs2.www.socratesjournal.com:article/199
2020-03-17T13:29:09Z
SOCRATES:English
v2
https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/199
2020-03-17T13:29:09Z
SOCRATESJOURNAL.COM
Vol. 4 No. 1 (2016): Issue - March; 1-22
(De)-coloniality/Contemporaneity
Refereed Article
Sayan, Dey; Research Scholar, Department of English Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
2016-04-21
Revised Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published after 05-02-2017
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the copyright of their published article. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
▸ Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.▸ NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.▸ No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Research Papers published in SOCRATES after 05-02-2017 are licensed under an Attribution -Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Date of revision: Creative common license: 05-02-2017
Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published before 05-02-2017
Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the right except commercial and re-publishing rights. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to copy, distribute, display and perform the work as long as you give the original author(s) credit, they can not use the works for commercial purposes and are not allowed to alter, transform, or build upon the work. For any reuse or distribution, readers and users must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holders. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Research Papers published in SOCRATES are licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
url:https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/199
Contemporaneity
ideological
ideographical
nomothetic
metaphysical
en_US
The perspective of contemporaneity is a highly dilemmatic ideological space which needs to be analyzed and re-thought within the indigenous premises of thought. If we delve into the roots of ‘now’ ness we find that that we are defined by a past which is mostly girdled by the colonial shadows which continues to invade every segments of human civilization. The biggest dispute of contemporaneity which interrupts the current format of discourse is that the modernity we interpret is the simulated version of coloniality or a form of modernity which still continues to be defined by colonial aesthetics. The ideographical illustrations of the colonizers needs to be succinctly interpreted so that the process of decolonization could be initiated as a logical, constructive nomothetic method de-linked from every form of physical and metaphysical colonial establishments.
oai:ojs2.www.socratesjournal.com:article/282
2021-05-17T13:40:34Z
SOCRATES:English
v2
https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/282
2021-05-17T13:40:34Z
SOCRATESJOURNAL.COM
Vol. 5 No. 1 (2017): Issue - March; 14-18
Use of Mask in Girish Karnad’s Play Tughlaq
Refereed Article
P., Saravanakumar; Assistant Professor Department of English Vivekananda College Thiruvedakam West Sollavandan Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
2017-06-23
Revised Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published after 05-02-2017
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the copyright of their published article. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
▸ Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.▸ NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.▸ No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Research Papers published in SOCRATES after 05-02-2017 are licensed under an Attribution -Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Date of revision: Creative common license: 05-02-2017
Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published before 05-02-2017
Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the right except commercial and re-publishing rights. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to copy, distribute, display and perform the work as long as you give the original author(s) credit, they can not use the works for commercial purposes and are not allowed to alter, transform, or build upon the work. For any reuse or distribution, readers and users must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holders. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Research Papers published in SOCRATES are licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
url:https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/282
Mask
Symbolism
Irony
folk
en_US
Girish Karnad is a multiple personality- a regional, national and international playwright, actor, film-maker and director. His plays have been performed all over the world and translated into many languages. For his works, Karnads has received a number of awards including “Gnanapeeth Award.” In Indian folk theatres, half-curtain is used to introduce a character. It shows a well as hides the face of the character. Mask is also used either to conceal or reveal a character’s reality. So the paper’s aims to study the use of a mask in Girish Karnad’s play “Tughlaq.” Tughlaq is the most complex and complicated of Girish Karnad’s works. This play is about the rash actions of Tughlaq which finally lead to his downfall. His followers fail to grasp his idealism with the result that they become his enemies. There is a faint comparison between Tughlaq and Nehru, as the idealism of the two leaders created only confusion and topsy-turvydom.
Article DOI : 10.5958/2347-6869.2017.00002.4
oai:ojs2.www.socratesjournal.com:article/283
2021-05-17T13:42:23Z
SOCRATES:English
v2
https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/283
2021-05-17T13:42:23Z
SOCRATESJOURNAL.COM
Vol. 5 No. 1 (2017): Issue - March; 19-26
Science and Technology in Dan Brown’s Digital Fortress
Refereed Article
R., Kaliyaperumal; Assistant Professor Department of English Annai College of Arts & Science Kovilacheri, Kumbakonan Tamilnadu, India
2017-06-23
Revised Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published after 05-02-2017
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the copyright of their published article. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
▸ Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.▸ NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.▸ No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Research Papers published in SOCRATES after 05-02-2017 are licensed under an Attribution -Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Date of revision: Creative common license: 05-02-2017
Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published before 05-02-2017
Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the right except commercial and re-publishing rights. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to copy, distribute, display and perform the work as long as you give the original author(s) credit, they can not use the works for commercial purposes and are not allowed to alter, transform, or build upon the work. For any reuse or distribution, readers and users must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holders. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Research Papers published in SOCRATES are licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
url:https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/283
Secret words
threats
suspense
Security Agency
en_US
Brown is an American author of thriller fiction. Brown can spend up to two years writing them. To remain focused on such projects, Brown ensures that when he chooses a theme for the novel and its subject, that they be those that can hold his interest. In Brown's view, the ideal topic does not have an easily defined right or wrong view but presents a moral grey area that can lend itself to debate. Because his favourite subjects include codes, puzzles, treasure hunts, secretive organisations and academic lectures on obscure topics, he tends to incorporate those into his novels. Because Brown considers writing to be a discipline that requires constant practice, he has developed a routine to maintain his abilities.
Article DOI : 10.5958/2347-6869.2017.00003.6
oai:ojs2.www.socratesjournal.com:article/284
2021-05-17T13:43:57Z
SOCRATES:English
v2
https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/284
2021-05-17T13:43:57Z
SOCRATESJOURNAL.COM
Vol. 5 No. 1 (2017): Issue - March; 27-32
Black Community Voice Echoes on Eradicate of Identity in Toni Morrison’s Novel Home
Refereed Article
Vincent, P.; Assistant Professor Department of English M.S University College Panagudi, Tamilnadu, India
2017-06-23
Revised Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published after 05-02-2017
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the copyright of their published article. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
▸ Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.▸ NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.▸ No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Research Papers published in SOCRATES after 05-02-2017 are licensed under an Attribution -Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Date of revision: Creative common license: 05-02-2017
Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published before 05-02-2017
Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the right except commercial and re-publishing rights. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to copy, distribute, display and perform the work as long as you give the original author(s) credit, they can not use the works for commercial purposes and are not allowed to alter, transform, or build upon the work. For any reuse or distribution, readers and users must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holders. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Research Papers published in SOCRATES are licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
url:https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/284
Community
identity
language
colour
inequality
freedom
en_US
This present paper discusses Black Community Voice Echoes on Eradicate of Identity in Toni Morrison’s Novel Home. While exploring the twenty-first-century work Home we find the voices, which indicates the voice of the colonised people. A deep study of this novel exposes the events and happenings at the time of colonisation. It also exposes their emotions and feelings. In Home, Frank is the protagonist of the novel, who confronts several difficulties while travelling from Korean War to Lotus. Lotus is a home station of Frank and Frank had worked as an (integrated Army) in Korean War. He travels towards Lotus to rescue his abused sister Cee. It exposes the voice of the native African Americans. Through the character of Frank, Morrison speaks the emotions of the colonised people. There was a fear that each and every thing belonging to them were being abandoned by the coloniser and it could not be recognised by the black people. They want to erect their own identity back in their state. Morrison brings out Frank to exposes the inequality situation of their life in America during the colonised period. The people suffered a lot to walk freely in their land. They were insisted and forced to recognise the culture of the other settlers. Settlers made rules to protect themselves from the aborigines. They made the colonies according to the situation and their convenience.
Article DOI : 10.5958/2347-6869.2017.00004.8
oai:ojs2.www.socratesjournal.com:article/287
2021-05-17T13:26:42Z
SOCRATES:English
v2
https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/287
2021-05-17T13:26:42Z
SOCRATESJOURNAL.COM
Vol. 5 No. 2 (2017): Issue - June; 1-8
Speaker’s Expression of ‘Self'
Refereed Article
Mehnaz, Khan; PhD Scholar in English Literature in Islamia College University Peshawar KPK Lecturer in English National University of Modern Languages Peshawar Campus KPK Pakistan
Hasnain Mashood, Ali; Lecturer in English National University of Modern Languages Peshawar Campus Pakistan
2017-08-25
Revised Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published after 05-02-2017
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the copyright of their published article. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
▸ Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.▸ NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.▸ No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Research Papers published in SOCRATES after 05-02-2017 are licensed under an Attribution -Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Date of revision: Creative common license: 05-02-2017
Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published before 05-02-2017
Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the right except commercial and re-publishing rights. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to copy, distribute, display and perform the work as long as you give the original author(s) credit, they can not use the works for commercial purposes and are not allowed to alter, transform, or build upon the work. For any reuse or distribution, readers and users must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holders. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Research Papers published in SOCRATES are licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
url:https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/287
Identity
Power
Self
Ideology
Discourse
en_US
The way we perceive and present ourselves is the foundation of our social construction; an individual or group relationship. A particular discourse stems from the social or cultural background, power or social status and can be the best means to open an avenue to peep into individual’s sense of self and identity. To be healthy in itself becomes identity when one compares oneself with unhealthy ones; grounding on this assumption, this paper critically examines the discourse of physically disabled student aiming to discuss the realization of his identity and impression of self as expressed through words. I applied Goffman’s model as a comprehensive approach to analyze the data to understand the role of health in identity formation. While identity and self will be used largely as synonyms, the attempt is made to analyze the respondent’s perception of his self and identity as a social construction. The findings examined within the context of ideological and cultural background and interpreted in the light of Althusser’s (1971) ideological framework. The paper concludes by stating that identity is the product of social relationships implicitly formed in the ideological background and is a source of motivation and expectations to transform one into social being capable of expressive control.
Article DOI : 10.5958/2347-6869.2017.00010.3
oai:ojs2.www.socratesjournal.com:article/294
2021-05-17T13:27:23Z
SOCRATES:English
v2
https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/294
2021-05-17T13:27:23Z
SOCRATESJOURNAL.COM
Vol. 5 No. 2 (2017): Issue - June; 9-14
Black Consciousness in James Baldwin’s Go Tell It on the Mountain
Refereed Article
J., Amaladhas; Black Consciousness in James Baldwin’s Go Tell It on the Mountain
2017-08-25
Revised Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published after 05-02-2017
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the copyright of their published article. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
▸ Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.▸ NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.▸ No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Research Papers published in SOCRATES after 05-02-2017 are licensed under an Attribution -Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Date of revision: Creative common license: 05-02-2017
Copyright/CC license that applies to all the articles published before 05-02-2017
Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Author(s) will retain all the right except commercial and re-publishing rights. In the case of re-publishing, they will have to obtain written permission from the journal. Additional licensing agreements (Creative Commons licenses) grants rights to readers to copy, distribute, display and perform the work as long as you give the original author(s) credit, they can not use the works for commercial purposes and are not allowed to alter, transform, or build upon the work. For any reuse or distribution, readers and users must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holders. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authors’ rights. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Research Papers published in SOCRATES are licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
url:https://www.socratesjournal.com/index.php/SOCRATES/article/view/294
Black Consciousness
culture
traumas
social
liberation
en_US
Black Consciousness implies the consciousness of being an African American and of being sensitively aware of the culture, history and all that is connected to the African American with present, past and the future. Black consciousness grew out of the unrelieved suffering and psychological traumas of a group of people who were subjected to overt and covert racism in the USA for about four centuries. It gives us an insight into their predicaments. In a way, it is a counter-culture to racism and definitely not a means to hatred, but is aiming at social change. Hansberry introduces spirituals, Jazz and blues and other aspects of African American culture throughout Raisin. He feels that the liberation that the Africans need is not a religious conversion which leads to further exploitation, but political freedom.
Article DOI : 10.5958/2347-6869.2017.00011.5